Comprehensive Analysis of Pharmacognosy Curriculum, Examination Strategy for Pharmacy Technicians

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Executive Summary and Pedagogical Context

The discipline of Pharmacognosy, derived from the Greek pharmakon (drug) and gnosis (knowledge), represents the foundational interface between natural biology and pharmaceutical science. For students enrolled in the Pharmacy Technician program under the Punjab Pharmacy Council (PPC), mastery of this subject is not merely an academic requirement but a professional necessity. The official curriculum, as delineated in the “Reading Material for Pharmacy Technician Students” ¹, mandates a rigorous understanding of crude drugs originating from plant, animal, and mineral sources. This report provides an exhaustive, granular analysis of the prescribed syllabus, synthesizing theoretical content with high-yield examination strategies derived from a decade of past paper analysis.²

The assessment landscape for the Punjab Pharmacy Council indicates a bifurcated testing model comprising 50% Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and 50% Subjective/Short Essay Questions (SEQs).⁵ Consequently, this report is structured to serve as a definitive compendium. It deconstructs the 10 core chapters of the reading material, transforming every definitional clause, botanical fact, and procedural step into a potential assessment item. By integrating historical data, phytochemical classifications, and advanced isolation techniques (chromatography and extraction), this document aims to equip the candidate with the depth required to navigate both the objective and descriptive components of the licensure examination.

Chapter 1: Introduction, History, and Scope of Pharmacognosy

Theoretical Framework and Historical Evolution

The study of Pharmacognosy is formally defined by the American Society of Pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, biochemical, and biological properties of natural drugs and their chemical constituents, alongside the search for new drugs from natural sources.¹ This definition underscores the dual nature of the field: it is both a descriptive science of existing traditional remedies and an exploratory science for novel therapeutics.

The historical trajectory of Pharmacognosy is deep-rooted in human civilization. The PPC curriculum explicitly highlights the contributions of ancient civilizations. The Greeks and Romans laid the intellectual scaffolding; Hippocrates, the “Father of Medicine,” and Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the first century AD, are paramount figures. Dioscorides is credited with writing the first Materia Medica, a seminal text describing 600 medicinal plants.¹ This text remained the authoritative reference for centuries, bridging the gap to the Middle Ages.

During the Middle Ages, the torch of pharmaceutical knowledge was carried by Arab physicians. The curriculum emphasizes the roles of Rhazes (865–925 AD) and Avicenna (980–1037 AD), whose medical canons relied heavily on plant-based therapy.¹ In the Indian subcontinent, systems such as Ayurveda (translating authentically to “Science of Life”), Siddha, and Unani practiced medication based on ancient Vedas, viewing health as a metabolic balance.¹

The transition to the modern era is marked by the formal coining of the term “Pharmacognosy.” While often attributed to Seydler (1815), the PPC text specifically cites the Austrian physician John Adam Schmidt as using the term in 1811.¹ This distinction is critical for examination purposes. The modern scope (1950–1970) witnessed a phytochemical revolution with the isolation of pure compounds like reserpine, vincristine, and vinblastine from higher plants, cementing the role of natural products in contemporary pharmacotherapy.

Scope and Applications

The scope of the subject is vast, extending beyond mere botanical identification. It encompasses the classification of crude drugs, the intricacies of cultivation, collection, drying, and storage, and the critical processes of evaluation and adulteration detection.¹ Furthermore, the curriculum integrates specialized topics such as:

• Plant Growth Hormones: Utilizing auxins and gibberellins for crop optimization.
• Allergens: Understanding hypersensitivity reactions and allergenic preparations.
• Phyto-enzymes: Therapeutic application of plant-derived enzymes like Papain and Bromelain.
• Poisonous Plants: Toxicology of indigenous flora to prevent accidental poisoning.
• Marine and Animal Sources: The study of secondary metabolites from sponges, corals, bees, and insects.¹

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Introduction and History

Q1.1 The term “Pharmacognosy” derives from two Greek words, pharmakon and gnosis. What is the literal translation of gnosis?

A. Medicine

B. Knowledge

C. Study

D. Plant

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text explicitly states that “Pharmacognosy” is derived from the Greek words pharmakon meaning “drug” and gnosis meaning “knowledge”.1 This etymological definition is a frequent opening question in examinations.

Q1.2 Who is credited in the PPC reading material with using the term “Pharmacognosy” for the first time in 1811?

A. C.A. Seydler

B. Galen

C. John Adam Schmidt

D. Dioscorides

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: While C.A. Seydler used the term in 1815, the text attributes the first usage to the Austrian physician John Adam Schmidt in 1811.1 Candidates must adhere to the dates provided in the official text.

Q1.3 Which Roman physician/Greek writer is the author of the first Materia Medica describing 600 plants?

A. Hippocrates

B. Dioscorides

C. Theophrastus

D. Pliny

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the 1st century AD, wrote the first Materia Medica, describing 600 medicinal plants. This work foundational to the history of the discipline.1

Q1.4 The “Middle Ages” of pharmacognostic history are exemplified by which group of physicians?

A. Egyptian Physicians

B. Arab Physicians

C. Chinese Herbalists

D. European Monks

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text specifically links the Middle Ages to Arab Physicians, citing Rhazes (865-925) and Avicenna (980-1037) as key figures who relied on plants for therapy.1

Q1.5 The authentic meaning of the Indian medicinal system “Ayurveda” is:

A. Science of Herbs

B. Science of Life

C. Knowledge of Healing

D. System of Balance

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The document clarifies that Ayurveda translates to “science of life,” focusing on the concept of a metabolically well-balanced human being.1

Q1.6 Which of the following drugs was introduced into the USA drug market between 1950 and 1970, derived from higher plants?

A. Aspirin

B. Reserpine

C. Paracetamol

D. Penicillin

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text lists “ricinin, derbipidine, reserbine (reserpine), phenplastin, and phenicristine (vincristine)” as new drug-based plants introduced during this modern period.1

Q1.7 The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines the field as the study of physical, biochemical, and biological properties of natural drugs and the search for:

A. Synthetic alternatives

B. New drugs from natural sources

C. Genetically modified organisms

D. Chemical derivatives

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The definition explicitly includes “the search for new drugs from natural sources” as a core component of the field.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q1. Define Pharmacognosy. Discuss its Scope and History.

Examination Context: This is a highly repeated long question (10-20 marks) in PPC examinations.7

Answer:

Definition: Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of crude drugs of plant and animal origin. The American Society of Pharmacognosy expands this to include the study of the physical, biochemical, and biological properties of natural drugs and their chemical constituents, as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources.1

History:

1. Antiquity: The history is as old as civilization. Early records include the medicines of the Pharaohs and the Greeks. Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and Dioscorides (author of the first Materia Medica describing 600 plants) are central figures.¹
2. Middle Ages: Arab physicians like Rhazes (865-925) and Avicenna (980-1037) preserved and practiced herbal therapy.
3. Modern Era: The term was coined by John Adam Schmidt (1811). The 20th century saw the isolation of pure compounds like vincristine and reserpine.
   Scope:
   The scope includes the classification, cultivation, collection, and evaluation of crude drugs. It extends to the study of plant growth hormones, allergens, enzymes, poisonous plants, and the isolation of secondary metabolites from diverse sources including marine organisms and insects.1

Chapter 2: Classification of Crude Drugs

Theoretical Framework

To manage the immense diversity of natural drugs, systematic classification is essential. The PPC curriculum outlines four primary methodologies: Morphological, Taxonomical, Pharmacological, and Chemical.¹

1. Morphological Classification: This method categorizes drugs based on the part of the plant used (e.g., leaves, roots, barks). It further divides drugs into Organized (cellular, direct plant parts) and Unorganized (acellular, prepared by physical processes like incision or extraction).
2. Taxonomical Classification: This relies on botanical hierarchy—Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It establishes the natural relationship between drugs.¹
3. Pharmacological Classification: Drugs are grouped by therapeutic effect (e.g., Cathartics, Cardio-tonics). This is clinically relevant but splits chemically similar drugs if they have different effects.
4. Chemical Classification: This groups drugs by their principal chemical constituents (e.g., Alkaloids, Glycosides, Carbohydrates). This is crucial for understanding stability and chemical testing.¹

Comparative Analysis of Classification Systems

Classification Method	Basis of Classification	Examples
Morphological	Part Used (Organized vs. Unorganized)	Organized: Leaves (Senna), Barks (Cinchona). Unorganized: Latex (Opium), Gums (Acacia).1
Taxonomical	Botanical Hierarchy (Phylum, Family)	Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae); Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae).1
Pharmacological	Therapeutic Use	Purgatives: Senna, Castor oil. Cardio-tonics: Digitalis.1
Chemical	Active Constituents	Glycosides: Aloe, Senna. Alkaloids: Belladonna.1

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Classification

Q2.1 Which of the following is an “Organized Drug”?

A. Acacia

B. Opium

C. Cinchona Bark

D. Aloe Juice

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Organized drugs are direct parts of the plant containing cellular tissues (e.g., roots, barks, leaves). Cinchona is a bark. Acacia (gum), Opium (latex), and Aloe (juice) are unorganized drugs.1

Q2.2 Drugs prepared by physical processes such as incision or extraction and lacking cellular tissue are termed:

A. Organized Drugs

B. Unorganized Drugs

C. Herbaceous Drugs

D. Taxonomical Drugs

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Unorganized drugs are acellular and derived via processes like incision (e.g., latex) or extraction. They do not show cellular structure under a microscope.1

Q2.3 In the Morphological Classification, “Fennel” and “Cardamom” are classified as:

A. Seeds

B. Fruits

C. Leaves

D. Rhizomes

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: According to Table 1 in the source text, Cardamom, Caraway, Fennel, Colocynth, and Capsicum are classified as Fruits, whereas Nux vomica is classified as a Seed.1

Q2.4 Under the Chemical Classification, “Agar” and “Starch” belong to which group?

A. Glycosides

B. Tannins

C. Carbohydrates

D. Resins

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The chemical method groups Agar, Acacia, Tragacanth, and Starch under Carbohydrates.1

Q2.5 “Gelidium cartilagineum” is the botanical source of Agar. To which Phylum does it belong?

A. Angiosperms

B. Gymnosperms

C. Rhodophyta

D. Fungi

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Table 2 (Taxonomical Classification) identifies the phylum of Gelidium cartilagineum (Agar) as Rhodophyta.1

Q2.6 Which drug is classified as a “Purgative” in the Pharmacological method?

A. Belladonna

B. Senna

C. Digitalis

D. Cinnamon

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text lists Aloe, Senna, and Castor oil as Purgatives. Belladonna is an Antispasmodic; Digitalis is a Cardio-tonic.1

Q2.7 Prunus amygdalus (Almond) belongs to which Order?

A. Rosales

B. Genetales

C. Gelidiales

D. Asterales

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Taxonomical table places Prunus amygdalus in the Order Rosales and Family Rosaceae.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q2. Differentiate between Organized and Unorganized drugs.

Examination Context: This differentiation is a fundamental concept frequently tested in short questions.7

Answer:

The distinction lies in the cellular nature of the drug:

• Organized Drugs: These are direct parts of the plant (leaves, stems, roots, flowers) and consist of cellular tissues. They are solid in nature and their identification involves histological study (microscopy of cells). Examples include Leaves (Senna, Digitalis), Barks (Cinchona, Cinnamon), and Seeds (Nux vomica).¹
• Unorganized Drugs: These are not direct plant parts but are products prepared by physical processes such as incision, drying, or extraction. They do not contain cellular tissues and can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Examples include Dried Latex (Opium), Dried Juice (Aloe), Gums (Acacia), and Resins (Asafoetida).¹

Q3. Classify crude drugs according to the Chemical Method with examples.

Answer:

The Chemical Method classifies drugs based on their principal therapeutic or chemical constituents:

1. Carbohydrates: Agar, Acacia, Starch.
2. Glycosides: Aloe, Senna, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza.
3. Volatile Oils: Cinnamon, Fennel, Clove.
4. Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus.
5. Resins: Ginger, Asafoetida, Benzoin.
6. Tannins: Black Catechu.
7. Proteins: Papain, Gelatin.¹

Chapter 3: Terminology in Pharmacognosy

Theoretical Framework

A precise vocabulary is required to describe the morphological features of medicinal plants. The curriculum provides a glossary of botanical terms essential for the organoleptic evaluation of drugs.¹

Key Terminology Definitions

• Acaulescent: Stemless.
• Acerose/Acicular: Needle-shaped (foliage).
• Glabrous: Smooth, without hairs.
• Rhizome: An underground stem capable of producing new stems/plants at nodes.
• Exudate: A substance secreted from a plant.
• Sessile: Attached directly by the base; without a stalk (though “Basifixed” is the term used in the text for base attachment).

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Terminology

Q3.1 The botanical term “Glabrous” describes a plant surface that is:

A. Covered in hairs

B. Smooth, without hairs

C. Rough and spiny

D. Sticky

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text defines Glabrous as “Smooth, without hairs”.1

Q3.2 “Acicular” foliage is best described as:

A. Heart-shaped

B. Needle-shaped

C. Broadly triangular

D. Rounded

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acicular (and Acerose) is defined as needle-shaped.1

Q3.3 An underground stem capable of producing new stems or plants at its nodes is called a:

A. Bulb

B. Rhizome

C. Root

D. Tuber

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A rhizome is specifically defined as a fleshy or woody elongated stem growing horizontally underground, producing leaves above and roots below.1

Q3.4 The term “Dentate” refers to a leaf margin that is:

A. Smooth

B. Tapering

C. With sharp, outward-pointing teeth

D. Rolled inward

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Dentate is defined as having sharp, outward-pointing teeth on the margin.1

Q3.5 A “Glans” is defined as:

A. A dry dehiscent fruit born in a cupule

B. A fleshy fruit

C. A winged seed

D. A split fruit

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The text describes a Glans as a dry dehiscent fruit born in a cupule, citing an acorn as an example.1

Chapter 4: Evaluation of Crude Drugs

Theoretical Framework

Evaluation is the process of confirming the identity, quality, and purity of a drug. It is the primary defense against adulteration. The PPC syllabus outlines four distinct methods:

1. Organoleptic (Morphological) Evaluation: The use of sensory organs (eyes, nose, tongue, touch) to evaluate macroscopic features like shape, color, odor, taste, and texture.
2. Physical Evaluation: The application of physical constants (melting point, viscosity, solubility, refractive index) to verify purity. This category also includes advanced instrumental techniques like Spectroscopy (UV, IR, NMR) and Chromatography.¹
3. Chemical Evaluation: The use of chemical tests to identify active constituents (e.g., titrimetric assays, ester value, acid value, ash value).
4. Biological Evaluation: Also known as bioassay, this uses intact animals, tissues, or microorganisms to measure the potency of a drug when chemical methods are insufficient.¹

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Evaluation

Q4.1 Evaluation of a drug by using the organs of sense (eyes, nose, tongue) is termed:

A. Physical Evaluation

B. Chemical Evaluation

C. Organoleptic Evaluation

D. Biological Evaluation

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Organoleptic evaluation refers to evaluating the crude drug by using organ senses to study external features and morphology.1

Q4.2 The “Stomatal Number” is defined as:

A. The percentage of stomata in the epidermis

B. The average number of stomata per square millimeter of epidermis

C. The number of epidermal cells per stoma

D. The size of the stoma

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Microscopic evaluation defines Stomatal Number strictly as the average number of stomata per square millimeter of epidermis.1

Q4.3 Which of the following is a “Physical Constant” used in drug evaluation?

A. Ash Value

B. Acid Value

C. Swelling Factor

D. Ester Value

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The text lists “Swelling factor of mucilage,” “Viscosity,” “Elasticity,” and “Melting/Boiling point” as Physical Constants. Ash and Acid values are classified under Chemical Evaluation.1

Q4.4 Evaluation involving the use of intact animals or isolated living tissues is called:

A. Clinical Trial

B. Biological Assay

C. Chemical Profiling

D. Organoleptic Testing

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Biological evaluation is explicitly referred to as “biological assay” because living organisms or tissues are used.1

Q4.5 “Annulations” are a morphological feature found in which drug?

A. Cinchona

B. Ipecac

C. Senna

D. Nux Vomica

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text associates “Annulations” with the external marking of Ipecac, whereas “Wrinkles” are associated with Cinchona.1

Q4.6 Which drug possesses a “sweet” taste during organoleptic evaluation?

A. Ginger

B. Capsicum

C. Glycyrrhiza

D. Fixed Oils

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ginger and Capsicum are pungent; Fixed oils are bland; Glycyrrhiza and Honey are sweet.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q4. Discuss Chemical Evaluation of crude drugs.

Examination Context: Chemical evaluation is frequently asked in contrast to physical evaluation.10

Answer:

Chemical evaluation determines the quality, quantity, and purity of a crude drug through chemical analysis. It involves:

1. Qualitative Chemical Tests: Specific tests to identify alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc.
2. Quantitative Assays: Determining the amount of active constituent (e.g., Titrimetric assay).
3. Chemical Constants: Determination of values such as:

• Ester Value: For fats/oils.
• Saponification Value: For fats/oils.
• Acid Value: Indicates free fatty acids.
• Ash Value: Indicates inorganic impurities (earthy matter).¹

Chapter 5: Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Theoretical Framework

Allergy is a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction. The PPC curriculum covers the definition, types of allergens, mechanism of action, and diagnostic testing.

Mechanism of Allergy:

The “Three Players” are the Allergen, Antibodies (IgE), and Inflammatory Mediators.1

1. First Exposure: B-lymphocytes produce IgE antibodies which attach to Mast Cells.
2. Second Exposure: Allergen binds to IgE on Mast Cells.
3. Degranulation: Mast cells burst, releasing Histamine, Bradykinin, Prostaglandins, and Leukotrienes, causing symptoms (vasodilation, itching).¹

Types of Hypersensitivity (Coombs and Gell):

• Type I: Immediate (Anaphylaxis, Asthma) – Mediated by IgE.
• Type II: Cytotoxic (Rh disease) – Mediated by IgG/IgM.
• Type III: Immune Complex (Serum sickness).
• Type IV: Delayed/Cell-Mediated (Contact dermatitis) – Mediated by T-cells.¹

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Allergy

Q5.1 Which antibody is primarily responsible for Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity?

A. IgG

B. IgM

C. IgE

D. IgA

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies of the IgE class. IgG and IgM mediate Type II and III reactions.1

Q5.2 Which of the following is an example of Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity?

A. Hay Fever

B. Erythroblastosis fetalis

C. Contact Dermatitis

D. Serum Sickness

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Contact dermatitis (e.g., from Poison Ivy or Nickel) is a classic example of Type IV hypersensitivity, which involves T-cells and takes a day or two to develop (Delayed).1

Q5.3 The “Scratch Test” or “Skin Prick Test” is considered positive if the skin develops redness and swelling within:

A. 24 hours

B. 15 minutes

C. 48 hours

D. 1 week

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text states that after scratching, the test takes about 15 minutes to develop. Redness and swelling indicate a positive result.1

Q5.4 Which diagnostic test measures specific IgE antibodies in the patient’s blood?

A. Patch Test

B. RAST (Radioallergosorbent Test)

C. Intradermal Test

D. ELISA

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: RAST (Radioallergosorbent testing) specifically measures the amount of specific allergic antibodies (IgE) to a food or substance in the blood.1

Q5.5 “Serum Sickness” is classified as which type of hypersensitivity?

A. Type I

B. Type II

C. Type III

D. Type IV

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Serum sickness is an Immune Complex Disorder classified as Type III hypersensitivity, where antibody-antigen complexes deposit in tissues.1

Q5.6 During an allergic reaction, Mast cells release which primary inflammatory mediator?

A. Insulin

B. Thyroxine

C. Histamine

D. Hemoglobin

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Upon stimulation by IgE, mast cells discharge granules containing Histamine, Bradykinin, and other mediators that cause allergic symptoms.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q5. Define Allergy and explain the Mechanism of Allergy (Type I).

Answer:

Definition: Allergy is a specific hypersensitivity of the immune system to foreign particles (allergens) that are normally harmless to most people.

Mechanism:

1. Sensitization: Upon first exposure, B-lymphocytes produce IgE antibodies specific to the allergen. These IgE molecules attach to the surface of Mast Cells in connective tissue.
2. Activation: Upon re-exposure, the allergen binds to the IgE on the Mast Cells.
3. Release: This binding triggers the Mast Cell to degranulate (burst), releasing chemical mediators like Histamine, Leukotrienes, and Prostaglandins.
4. Response: These mediators cause inflammation, smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction), and vasodilation (swelling/redness).¹

Q6. Classify Allergens with examples.

Answer:

• Inhalant Allergens: Airborne particles. e.g., Pollen, Dust Mites, Smoke, Perfumes.
• Ingested Allergens: Food sources. e.g., Milk, Eggs, Peanuts, Wheat, Soybeans, Fish/Shellfish.
• Injectable Allergens: Entering via bloodstream. e.g., Penicillin (drugs), Insect stings (Bees).
• Contact Allergens: Direct skin contact. e.g., Jewelry (Nickel), Poison Ivy, Cosmetics, Pet dander.¹

Chapter 6: Enzymes (Phyto-enzymes)

Theoretical Framework

Enzymes are defined as organic biological catalysts produced by living cells. They differ from inorganic catalysts in their specificity, protein nature (organic), and temperature sensitivity.

Key Properties:

• Optimum Temperature: 35°C–40°C (96°F–99°F). Inactive at 0°C; Destroyed at 60°C.
• pH Sensitivity: Pepsin acts at acidic pH (1-2); Trypsin acts at alkaline pH (8.5).
• Solubility: Soluble in water/dilute alcohol; precipitated by concentrated alcohol or ammonium sulphate.¹

Specific Plant Enzymes:

• Bromelain: From Ananas comosus (Pineapple). Proteolytic, anti-inflammatory, meat tenderizer.
• Papain: From Carica papaya. Proteolytic, milk-clotting, used to clean contact lenses and tenderize meat.¹

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Enzymes

Q6.1 Enzymes are chemically defined as:

A. Inorganic catalysts

B. Organic substances (Proteins)

C. Carbohydrates

D. Lipids

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Enzymes are organic catalysts produced by living organisms. They are distinct from inorganic catalysts.1

Q6.2 The optimum temperature range for enzymatic activity is:

A. 10°C – 20°C

B. 35°C – 40°C

C. 50°C – 60°C

D. 90°C – 100°C

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text specifies 35°C to 40°C (96°F-99°F) as the optimum range. At 60°C, enzymes are destroyed.1

Q6.3 Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme obtained from which plant family?

A. Caricaceae

B. Bromeliaceae

C. Rosaceae

D. Solanaceae

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bromelain is obtained from Ananas comosus (Pineapple), which belongs to the family Bromeliaceae.1

Q6.4 Which enzyme is found in the gastric juice of animals and digests protein at acidic pH (1-2)?

A. Trypsin

B. Pepsin

C. Lipase

D. Amylase

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice that acts at an acidic pH of 1-2. Trypsin acts at alkaline pH.1

Q6.5 Papain is obtained from the dried latex of:

A. Ananas comosus

B. Carica papaya

C. Ficus carica

D. Papaver somniferum

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Papain is the dried latex obtained from the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q7. Differentiate between Enzymes and Catalysts (Inorganic).

Answer:

Feature	Enzymes	Inorganic Catalysts
Nature	Organic substances (Proteins).	Inorganic substances.
Destruction	Mostly destroyed/denatured during the reaction.	Not destroyed; can be used repeatedly.
Specificity	Highly specific (Lock & Key mechanism).	Non-specific.
Complexity	Very complex structures.	Simple compounds.
Concentration	Speed does not depend strictly on concentration (saturation kinetics).	Speed depends on the concentration of the catalyst.1

Chapter 7: Poisonous Plants of Pakistan

Theoretical Framework

This chapter categorizes toxic plants based on the system they affect. This is a critical safety module for pharmacy technicians.

1. GIT Toxicity:

• Mouth: Arisaema triphyllum (Calcium oxalate crystals -> burning).
• Gastric Mucosa: Narcissus tazetta (Lycorine alkaloid -> gastritis).
• Gastro-Enteric Irritants: Abrus precatorius (Abrin toxin -> cardiac arrest/gastroenteritis); Podophyllum emodi (Resin).
• Dryness of Mouth: Datura stramonium, Atropa belladonna (Alkaloids -> anticholinergic effects).

2. CVS (Cardiovascular) Toxicity:

• Digitalis purpurea (Glycosides -> arrhythmia).
• Nerium indicum (Nerodine -> hypertension/tachycardia).¹

3. CNS (Central Nervous System) Toxicity:

• Cannabis sativa (Resin/THC -> depression/hallucination).
• Cicuta virosa (Cicutoxin -> respiratory failure/tremors).¹

4. Cyanogenetic Plants:

• Manihot esculenta and Prunus amygdalus (Amygdalin -> cyanide poisoning -> convulsions).¹

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Toxicology

Q7.1 Which plant causes intense burning in the mouth due to the presence of Calcium Oxalate crystals?

A. Abrus precatorius

B. Arisaema triphyllum

C. Datura stramonium

D. Nerium indicum

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Arisaema triphyllum causes mouth toxicity (burning, blistering) due to the fundamental compound Calcium Oxalate.1

Q7.2 The toxic substance “Abrin” is found in which plant, causing severe gastroenteritis and cardiac arrest?

A. Podophyllum emodi

B. Abrus precatorius

C. Atropa belladonna

D. Digitalis purpurea

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Abrus precatorius contains the toxin Abrin. Even small amounts of seeds can cause cardiac arrest.1

Q7.3 Nerium indicum is classified under plants causing which type of disturbance?

A. CNS Disturbances

B. CVS (Cardiovascular) Disturbances

C. GIT Toxicity only

D. Respiratory failure

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nerium indicum (Kaner) contains toxins like Nerodine which affect the heart, causing hypertension and ventricular tachycardia (CVS toxicity).1

Q7.4 Which plant contains the narcotic resin “Tetrahydrocannabinol” (THC) causing hallucinations?

A. Cicuta virosa

B. Cannabis sativa

C. Conium maculatum

D. Nicotiana tabacum

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cannabis sativa secretes a Narcotic resin (THC) from glandular trichomes, causing CNS disturbances like hallucination and depression.1

Q7.5 Cyanogenetic plants like Prunus amygdalus contain which toxic chemical?

A. Strychnine

B. Amygdalin

C. Atropine

D. Nicotine

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prunus amygdalus (Bitter Almond) contains Amygdalin, which releases cyanide, causing convulsions and liver damage.1

Chapter 8: Chromatography

Theoretical Framework

Chromatography separates compounds based on polarity, whereas extraction separates based on solubility.¹ The text details four main techniques:

1. Paper Chromatography: Uses filter paper (stationary phase). Solvent (mobile phase) moves by capillary action. Can be Ascending, Descending, or Circular.

• Rf Value: Distance of substance / Distance of solvent.

2. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Uses a glass/plastic sheet coated with adsorbent (Silica gel/Alumina). faster and more sensitive.
3. Column Chromatography: Stationary phase (Silica gel) packed in a glass column. Solvent flows down (gravity). Used for purification of large amounts (preparative).

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Chromatography

Q8.1 Chromatography separates mixtures primarily based on relative differences in:

A. Solubility

B. Polarity

C. Boiling Point

D. Particle Size

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The text distinguishes chromatography from extraction by stating chromatography separates on the basis of polarity, while extraction separates on the basis of solubility.1

Q8.2 In Paper Chromatography, the Rf value is calculated as:

A. Distance of solvent / Distance of substance

B. Distance of substance / Distance of solvent

C. Time of flow / Distance of flow

D. Weight of solute / Volume of solvent

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rf (Retardation factor) is explicitly defined as the ratio of the Distance covered by the substance to the Distance covered by the solvent.1

Q8.3 In “Radial Chromatography,” the mobile phase moves:

A. Upward

B. Downward

C. In a circular form

D. Horizontally

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In radial (and circular) chromatography, the solvent moves in a circular form, separating components into rings or arches.1

Q8.4 Which stationary phase is most commonly used in Column Chromatography?

A. Filter Paper

B. Silica Gel

C. Ethanol

D. Water

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The stationary phase in column chromatography is a solid adsorbent, most commonly Silica gel or Alumina.1

Q8.5 In Ascending Paper Chromatography, the baseline is drawn at what distance from the bottom edge?

A. 1.0 cm

B. 2.5 cm

C. 5.0 cm

D. 10 cm

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The procedure specifies drawing a baseline 2.5 cm from the final edge of the paper.1

Chapter 9: Extraction Techniques

Theoretical Framework

Extraction isolates the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) using a menstruum (solvent). The waste is called the Marc.

Techniques:

1. Infusion: Soft drugs + Hot water. Short shelf life (24 hrs).
2. Decoction: Hard drugs + Boiling water. Short shelf life.
3. Maceration: Drug soaked in menstruum for 2-14 days. Types: Simple, Double, Triple.
4. Percolation: Menstruum flows through a packed column of drug. Requires comminution (size reduction) and imbibition (moistening).
5. Soxhlet (Continuous Hot Extraction): Uses hot solvent cycling through the drug.

Exhaustive MCQ Bank: Extraction

Q9.1 The liquid used for extraction in pharmacy is termed:

A. Solute

B. Menstruum

C. Marc

D. Precipitate

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: “Menstruum” is defined as any liquid used in pharmacy for the extraction procedure.1

Q9.2 The waste material left after extraction is called:

A. Slurry

B. Menstruum

C. Marc

D. Ash

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The text defines “Marc” as the waste material left after extraction.1

Q9.3 Which extraction technique involves boiling the drug with water for a specific time?

A. Maceration

B. Infusion

C. Decoction

D. Percolation

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Decoction is the technique where drug powder/coarse particles are boiled with water.1

Q9.4 Maceration typically requires a time period of:

A. 1 hour

B. 24 hours

C. 2 to 14 days

D. 15 minutes

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Maceration is a prolonged method requiring 2 to 14 days of soaking.1

Q9.5 Which apparatus is used for “Continuous Hot Extraction”?

A. Percolator

B. Infusion Pot

C. Soxhlet Apparatus

D. Beaker

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Continuous hot extraction utilizes the Soxhlet apparatus to recycle hot solvent through the drug chamber.1

Subjective Question Analysis (Past Papers)

Q8. Write a note on Percolation. Why is size reduction important?

Answer:

Percolation: An extraction technique where comminuted drug is enclosed in a vessel (percolator) and menstruum passes through the column of the drug.

Steps:

1. Comminution: Drug crushed to fine powder.
2. Imbibition: Moistening drug with menstruum for 4 hours (prevents air entrapment/swelling issues).
3. Packing: Even packing in the percolator.
4. Extraction: Menstruum flows down, extracting API.
   Importance of Size Reduction:

• Enhances surface area for solvent contact.
• Ensures uniform packing.
• Slows menstruum movement for better extraction efficiency.¹

Chapter 10: Drug Monographs (Comprehensive)

This section accounts for a significant portion of the exam. Students must memorize the Source, Family, Constituents, and Uses for all listed drugs.

10.1 Glycosides

• Senna: Cassia acutifolia (Leguminosae). Sennosides. Cathartic/Laxative.
• Aloe: Aloe barbadensis (Liliaceae). Aloin. Purgative/Burns.
• Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice): Glycyrrhiza glabra (Leguminosae). Glycyrrhizin. Expectorant/Demulcent.
• Digitalis: Digitalis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae). Digitoxin. Cardiotonic (CHF).

MCQ 10.1: Sennosides are the active constituent of:

A. Aloe

B. Senna

C. Digitalis

Answer: B.1

MCQ 10.2: Which drug is used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

A. Senna

B. Digitalis

C. Glycyrrhiza

Answer: B.1

10.2 Alkaloids

• Rauwolfia: Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae). Reserpine. Anti-hypertensive.
• Catharanthus (Vinca): Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). Vincristine (Anti-cancer/Leukemia).
• Ephedra: Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae). Ephedrine. Bronchodilator/Anti-asthmatic.
• Opium: Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae). Morphine (Analgesic), Codeine (Anti-tussive).
• Nux Vomica: Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae). Strychnine. CNS Stimulant.

MCQ 10.3: Vincristine and Vinblastine are used to treat:

A. Hypertension

B. Leukemia (Cancer)

C. Asthma

Answer: B.1

MCQ 10.4: The family of Atropa belladonna is:

A. Solanaceae

B. Rubiaceae

C. Lauraceae

Answer: A.1

10.3 Volatile Oils

• Fennel: Foeniculum vulgare (Umbelliferae). Carminative.
• Peppermint: Mentha piperita (Labiatae). Menthol. Flavoring/Carminative.
• Clove: Eugenia caryophyllus (Myrtaceae). Eugenol. Dental antiseptic.

MCQ 10.5: Eugenol is the main constituent of:

A. Fennel

B. Clove

C. Cinnamon

Answer: B.1

10.4 Resins

• Asafoetida (Hing): Ferula asafoetida (Umbelliferae). Carminative/Anti-spasmodic.
• Ginger: Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae). Gingerol. Carminative/Anti-emetic.

MCQ 10.6: “Devil’s Dung” is a synonym for:

A. Benzoin

B. Asafoetida

C. Ginger

Answer: B.1

10.5 Carbohydrates

• Agar: Gelidium cartilagineum (Rhodophyta). Laxative/Culture media.
• Acacia: Acacia senegal. Emulsifying agent.
• Starch: Zea mays (Corn), Solanum tuberosum (Potato). Binder/Disintegrant.

MCQ 10.7: Agar is obtained from:

A. Bacteria

B. Marine Algae

C. Fungi

Answer: B.1

Conclusion and Study Recommendations

To succeed in the Punjab Pharmacy Council Pharmacognosy examination, students must adopt a dual strategy:

1. For MCQs: Focus on “Specifics”—Dates (1811 Schmidt), Temperatures (35-40°C Enzymes), Definitions (Stomatal number), and Botanical Sources/Families.
2. For SEQs: Focus on “Processes and Lists”—Steps of percolation, classification of drugs with examples, and comprehensive notes on high-yield drugs like Digitalis, Opium, and Aloe.

This report covers the entirety of the provided syllabus and integrates the “hidden” requirements found in past papers, offering a complete roadmap for the aspiring Pharmacy Technician.

Works cited

1. PHARMACOGNOSY.pdf
2. ALL PAST PAPERS Pharmacy Technician Final | PDF – Scribdhttps://www.scribd.com/document/765953190/ALL-PAST-PAPERS-Pharmacy-Technician-Final
3. pharmacognosy questions bank 1https://itra.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/PHARMACOGNOSY-III_B.PHARM_.IV_ITRA.pdf
4. PHARMACOGNOSY (ADVANCED) – II Arranged Past Papers – Scribdhttps://www.scribd.com/document/828315237/3-PHARMACOGNOSY-ADVANCED-II-Arranged-Past-Papers
5. Pharmacy Technician Annual Examation 2024 Paper-1 Guess Most …https://www.scribd.com/document/744320384/Pharmacy-Technician-Annual-Examation-2024-Paper-1-Guess-Most-Important-Questions
6. Pharmacy Technician Curriculum and Examination Structure – Docsityhttps://www.docsity.com/en/docs/pharmacy-technician-pakistan/11508261/
7. IMP QUESTIONS PHARMACOGNOSY (Chapter 1-3) | PDF – Scribdhttps://www.scribd.com/document/829002019/IMP-QUESTIONS-PHARMACOGNOSY-Chapter-1-3
8. Pharmacognosy Imp Question & Answers | PDF | Alkaloid – Scribdhttps://www.scribd.com/document/795202393/Pharmacognosy-Imp-question-Answers
9. 50 Pharmacognosy Important Questions for Pharmacy License and …https://pharmainfonepal.com/50-pharmacognosy-important-questions-for-pharmacy-license-and-loksewa-exam/
10. PHARMACOGNOSY – Punjab Health Information Systemhttp://116.58.20.67:1172/Uploads/SectionsData/ckvh4iio.gs3.pdf